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<rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" version="2.0"><channel><atom:link rel="hub" href="http://tumblr.superfeedr.com/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"/><description>Master of Arts in Political Science at the University of São Paulo. [More info]</description><title>Danilo Freire</title><generator>Tumblr (3.0; @daniloamfreire)</generator><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/</link><item><title>Boko Haram e a violência na Nigéria</title><description>&lt;p&gt;Mesmo para um país acostumado a diversos tipos de turbulências, os conflitos recentes na Nigéria vêm tomando proporções alarmantes. De acordo com o &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/23/nigeria-boko-haram-widens-terror-campaign" target="_blank"&gt;Human Rights Watch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, desde as eleições de abril de 2010 uma série de ataques terroristas no país fez cerca de 900 mortos e milhares de feridos, levando o presidente &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" target="_blank"&gt;Goodluck Jonathan&lt;/a&gt; a dizer que &lt;a href="http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/01/08/nigeria-unrest-worse-than-1960s-civil-war-president/" target="_blank"&gt;“a situação está pior do que a guerra civil”&lt;/a&gt;. Mas quais seriam as razões da escalada da violência na Nigéria? Dentre as muitas respostas possíveis, há três fatores que, a meu ver, merecem destaque: os problemas econômicos, o legado da guerra civil e a emergência do grupo islâmico Boko Haram. Vejamos como tais elementos se articulam na atual conjuntura nigeriana.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apesar de ser &lt;a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/01/2012115112225269.html" target="_blank"&gt;o maior exportador de petróleo da África&lt;/a&gt; e de seu Produto Interno Bruto ter &lt;a href="http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&amp;ctype=l&amp;strail=false&amp;bcs=d&amp;nselm=h&amp;met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&amp;scale_y=lin&amp;ind_y=false&amp;rdim=region&amp;idim=country:NGA&amp;ifdim=region&amp;tstart=1014087600000&amp;tend=1266544800000&amp;hl=en&amp;dl=en&amp;q=nigeria+gdp+growth+graph" target="_blank"&gt;crescido de modo consistente na década passada&lt;/a&gt;, a Nigéria tem passado por sérios problemas na economia. Embora o país tenha ganho cerca de &lt;a href="http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/2012/02/you%E2%80%99ve-heard-of-herman-cain%E2%80%99s-9-9-9-here%E2%80%99s-nigeria%E2%80%99s-20-20-20-and-this-one-might-fly.php" target="_blank"&gt;50 bilhões de dólares ao ano com a venda de petróleo&lt;/a&gt;, o total de nigerianos vivendo na pobreza absoluta &lt;a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17015873" target="_blank"&gt;saltou de 54,7% em 2004 para 60,9% em 2010&lt;/a&gt;. No norte islâmico do país os números são ainda mais dramáticos: no estado de &lt;a href="http://www.sokotostate.gov.ng/" target="_blank"&gt;Sokoto&lt;/a&gt;, por exemplo, nada menos de 86,7% da população encontra-se abaixo da linha da pobreza. É válido lembrar que, na literatura quantitativa de guerra civil, baixo PIB &lt;em&gt;per capita&lt;/em&gt; é &lt;a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00892.x/abstract" target="_blank"&gt;uma das variáveis mais fortemente relacionadas ao início de conflitos internos&lt;/a&gt;, uma vez que em um país com pouca renda não somente o governo possui &lt;a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=710E2A6F3ECFA07684AA9D4209A4D1A6.journals?fromPage=online&amp;aid=142717" target="_blank"&gt;poucos recursos para combater os grupos insurgentes&lt;/a&gt;, mas também &lt;a href="http://oep.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/4/563.abstract" target="_blank"&gt;os custos de oportunidade de rebelião são bastante baixos para uma parcela significativa dos indivíduos&lt;/a&gt;. A este cenário difícil, somam-se ainda as recentes tentativas de Goodluck Jonathan de retirar os subsídios governamentais dos combustíveis, as quais têm &lt;a href="http://www.theafronews.eu/editorial/goodluck-listen-to-nigerians-and-reinstate-fuel-subsidy" target="_blank"&gt;afetado de modo agudo o custo de vida dos nigerianos pobres&lt;/a&gt;. Apesar da eliminação dos subsísios ser uma medida econômica acertada no longo prazo, dado que &lt;a href="http://www.modernghana.com/news/375837/1/goodluck-jonathan-amp-petrol-subsidy-reforms.html" target="_blank"&gt;os que mais se beneficiam dessa ajuda são os ricos comerciantes de petróleo&lt;/a&gt;, a ausência de uma rede social abrangente, que pudesse amortecer o impacto do aumento dos preços, fez com que houvessem &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Nigeria" target="_blank"&gt;protestos em várias partes&lt;/a&gt; da Nigéria, aumentando ainda mais as tensões sociais. O presidente, acuado, acabou cedendo à vontade dos manifestantes, mas não sem &lt;a href="http://africasacountry.com/2012/01/09/occupy-nigeria/" target="_blank"&gt;sérios danos à sua popularidade&lt;/a&gt; e à imagem dos políticos nacionais como um todo. Apesar dos protestos terem conseguido o efeito desejado, é válido lembrar que a alocação distorcida das verbas públicas continua a atuar &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/node/21542197" target="_blank"&gt;em favor de uma minoria ligada ao estado&lt;/a&gt;, indicando que, ao menos em um futuro próximo, as chances reais de desenvolvimento social no país são mínimas. Assim, a ausência de oportunidades econômicas e o explícito favoritismo nos assuntos públicos vêm atuando, de modo decisivo, no sentido de aumentar os riscos de um conflito interno na nação.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Para termos um melhor entendimento do panorama nigeriano atual, há ainda que se levar em consideração o legado da &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/yPZ7rk" target="_blank"&gt;guerra civil que atingiu a Nigéria de 1967 a 1970&lt;/a&gt;. A guerra iniciou-se após anos de relações tumultuosas entre os &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people" target="_blank"&gt;Igbo&lt;/a&gt;, em sua maioria cristãos e ocidentalizados, e os emirados do norte, em grande parte &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa-Fulani" target="_blank"&gt;Hausa-Fulani&lt;/a&gt;, fortemente islâmicos e avessos às influências européias e norte-americanas. &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/Akjf7c" target="_blank"&gt;Uma série de golpes de estado&lt;/a&gt; serviu como estopim para a secessão dos Igbo, que proclamaram a independência da &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" target="_blank"&gt;República do Biafra&lt;/a&gt; em maio de 1967, mas que ao final perderam a batalha para as forças nigerianas e tiveram seu território novamente anexado ao do país. Os resultados do confronto são ainda claramente visíveis: dado o acirramento das divisões étnico-religiosas durante a guerra civil, até hoje os dois principais grupos envolvidos trocam acusações públicas e já houveram &lt;a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/west-africa/nigeria/168-northern-nigeria-background-to-conflict.aspx" target="_blank"&gt;inúmeros embates violentos entre eles durante as últimas décadas&lt;/a&gt;. Os Igbo afirmam que são &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/AdMbsw" target="_blank"&gt;marginalizados nos planos político e econômico&lt;/a&gt;, e que as clivagens étnica do país impede-os de obter uma parcela mais justa do desenvolvimento nacional. Em um contexto de poucas oportunidades econômicas e ampla corrupção, tais disputas aumentam consideravelmente a volatilidade política da Nigéria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Além dos dois fatores estruturais mencionados acima, o terceiro elemento explicativo para a violência na Nigéria é o surgimento do grupo extremista Boko Haram no norte do país. &lt;a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14136185" target="_blank"&gt;Fundado em 2002 por Mohammed Yusuf&lt;/a&gt;, um clérico &lt;a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-salafi.htm" target="_blank"&gt;salafista&lt;/a&gt;, o &lt;em&gt;Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati Wal-Jihad &lt;/em&gt;(literalmente, “Grupo sunita para pregação e jihad”), mais conhecido por seu apelido em &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language" target="_blank"&gt;Hausa&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Boko Haram&lt;/em&gt; (“a educação ocidental é pecado”), vem realizando &lt;a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201201201540.html" target="_blank"&gt;diversos atentados terroristas contra o governo e a população católica da Nigéria&lt;/a&gt;. Ao que parece, até 2009 o Boko Haram não tinha a intenção de fazer uso de violência contra civis, mas a crescente brutalidade policial, as contínuas disputas religiosas no país e a morte de Yusuf &lt;a href="http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739#p2" target="_blank"&gt;fortaleceram os ideais radicais do grupo&lt;/a&gt;. A partir desta data, com efeito, os ataques passam a ser bem mais freqüentes e letais, passando a incluir bombardeios a &lt;a href="http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/nigeria-boko-haram-terrorism-violence-islam-christianity-army-government-poverty-youth" target="_blank"&gt;igrejas&lt;/a&gt; e até à &lt;a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/29/us-nigeria-bombing-claim-idUSTRE77S3ZO20110829" target="_blank"&gt;sede local das Nações Unidas&lt;/a&gt;. Devemos, destarte, colocar-nos uma pergunta: o que realmente almeja o Boko Haram? A resposta ainda não é clara: os membros do grupo comumente justificam suas ações por meio de uma difusa &lt;a href="http://www.red24.com/members/indepth/bokoharam.php" target="_blank"&gt;rejeição aos valores ocidentais&lt;/a&gt;, tais quais a democracia e a ciência “anti-islâmica”, e pela necessidade de implementar a &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" target="_blank"&gt;shari’ah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; em todo o norte nigeriano para &lt;a href="http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/06/17/qa-what-is-nigerias-radical-islamist-sect-boko-haram/" target="_blank"&gt;punir os “infiéis”&lt;/a&gt;, mas não há um programa bem delimitado de reinvidicações e pouco se sabe a respeito das metas de longo prazo dos extremistas. O uso de homens-bomba e outras táticas de terror, &lt;a href="http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/nigeria-boko-haram-terrorism-violence-islam-christianity-army-government-poverty-youth" target="_blank"&gt;até então pouco usuais na Nigéria&lt;/a&gt;, fez com que diversos analistas sugerissem que o grupo possui ligações com organizações fundamentalistas internacionais, em especial a &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/node/21528307" target="_blank"&gt;Al-Qaeda no Magreb e o Al-Shabaab&lt;/a&gt;, baseados respectivamente na Argélia e na Somália. É necessário destacar, entretanto, que o Boko Haram não se enquadra perfeitamente na mesma categoria que tais movimentos: ao menos até agora, não há indícios que o Boko Haram queira expandir seu foco de atuação para além da Nigéria, e também o histórico de lutas religiosas e subdesenvolvimento no norte do país faz com que o surgimento do grupo não possa ser associado exclusivamente à infiltração de organizações terroristas do exterior. Ademais, uma das mais antigas plataformas do movimento é &lt;a href="http://africanarguments.org./2012/01/19/boko-haram-the-answer-to-terror-lies-in-providing-more-meaningful-human-security-by-olly-owen/" target="_blank"&gt;a luta contra a notoriamente corrupta polícia nigeriana&lt;/a&gt;, fato que, inicialmente, lhe rendeu certo apoio mesmo de outros setores da sociedade. Todavia, como o Boko Haram tem atacado não somente cristãos &lt;a href="http://blogs.cfr.org/campbell/2012/01/23/boko-haram-attacks-muslim-nigeria%E2%80%99s-preeminent-city%E2%80%93why/" target="_blank"&gt;como também muçulmanos&lt;/a&gt;, a simpatia dos civis para com a organização tem-se esvaído, embora o número de militantes engajados no movimento demonstra que seu poder de atração ainda é considerável.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Diante de tais condições, o que o governo da Nigéria deveria fazer? Uma alternativa, proposta por &lt;a href="http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/2012/02/you%E2%80%99ve-heard-of-herman-cain%E2%80%99s-9-9-9-here%E2%80%99s-nigeria%E2%80%99s-20-20-20-and-this-one-might-fly.php" target="_blank"&gt;Todd Moss&lt;/a&gt;, é a ampliação dos programas sociais e a criação de um fundo especial para investimentos. Como o Boko Haram, ao que tudo indica, não é um grupo fundado por uma elite, mas &lt;a href="http://africanarguments.org/2011/11/09/african-arguments-editorial-boko-haram-is-another-consequence-of-unequal-development-in-nigeria/" target="_blank"&gt;organizado em torno de jovens pobres e sem emprego&lt;/a&gt;, a idéia realmente pode funcionar. Eu adicionaria a este receituário também um plano para melhorias na infra-estrutura, &lt;a href="http://businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/economic-watch/18806-nigerias-infrastructure-yet-to-meet-requirements-for-economic-development" target="_blank"&gt;cuja situação é, no geral, lamentável&lt;/a&gt;, e mecanismos que facilitassem a abertura de micro-empresas, como pequenos empréstimos destinados a futuros produtores, &lt;a href="http://goodintents.org/good-intentions-blog/microfinance" target="_blank"&gt;que embora não sejam uma panacéia&lt;/a&gt;, podem colaborar consideravelmente para o desenvolvimento da Nigéria. Além disso, também é urgente uma reforma nas instituições policiais do país. É fato que Goodluck Jonathan promoveu um grande investimento em segurança no país - &lt;a href="http://ireports-ng.com/2011/12/13/security-to-gulp-almost-n1trillion-as-jonathan-presents-n4-6trillion-2012-budget-to-nass/" target="_blank"&gt;o setor abocanha hoje quase 20% de todo o orçamento público&lt;/a&gt; - mas com os atuais níveis de corrupção da polícia é certo que boa parte das verbas irão enriquecer alguns em detrimento de melhores serviços para muitos. Os gastos seriam melhor aplicados &lt;a href="http://africanarguments.org./2012/01/19/boko-haram-the-answer-to-terror-lies-in-providing-more-meaningful-human-security-by-olly-owen/" target="_blank"&gt;nas áreas de inteligência e em vigilância comunitárias&lt;/a&gt;, ações de menor custo e com boa eficácia contra o crime. Sem esse conjunto de medidas, o futuro da Nigéria permanecerá incerto. Não se pode contar apenas com boa sorte para salvar um país.&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17974786223</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17974786223</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 Feb 2012 19:13:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Nigeria</category><category>Boko Haram</category><category>Goodluck Jonathan</category></item><item><title>
The Kiss on Flickr.
</title><description>&lt;img src="http://28.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzor7wBOiP1qckbrzo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/genevievegenevieve/4208289696/" title="The Kiss" target="_blank"&gt;The Kiss&lt;/a&gt; on Flickr.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17960883630</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17960883630</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 Feb 2012 15:31:00 -0400</pubDate></item><item><title>Produced by the Refugee Law Project (RLP), University of...</title><description>&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/19835650?title=0&amp;byline=0&amp;portrait=0" width="400" height="300" frameborder="0"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;Produced by the &lt;a href="http://www.refugeelawproject.org/" target="_blank"&gt;Refugee Law Project (RLP)&lt;/a&gt;, University of Makerere, Kampala, Uganda, &lt;em&gt;Gender against Men&lt;/em&gt; explores “the hidden world of sexual and gender-based violence against men in the conflicts of the Great Lakes region.” According to the producers, it is a film about men, violence, and the inability of society to recognise or address male vulnerability in times of conflict. The film is intended to raise as many questions as it answers in its quest for an honest examination of the gender stereotypes underlying mainstream approaches to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The film considers sex-selective massacres, which target all the men in a particular town for extermination. It looks at policies, which - intentionally or otherwise - undermine men’s traditional role as protectors and providers without allowing them alternative ways of expressing their masculinity. It considers one of the biggest taboos of all: &lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men" target="_blank"&gt;the rape of men and boys&lt;/a&gt;. The producers say that the documentary was created to show how a one-sided approach to gender works to the detriment of all, including individuals seeking healthcare, their families, and their communities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gender against Men&lt;/em&gt; was judged &lt;a href="http://www.refugeelawproject.org/awards.php" target="_blank"&gt;‘Best Documentary’ at the Kenya International Film Festival in October 2009&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17774681606</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17774681606</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 Feb 2012 14:40:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Gender Against Men</category><category>Male Rape</category><category>Sexual Violence</category><category>Civil Conflicts</category><category>Refugee Law Project</category></item><item><title>
300.000 Norwegians move house every year. If the pattern made...</title><description>&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/36154005" width="400" height="225" frameborder="0"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;300.000 Norwegians move house every year. If the pattern made by their journeys could be compressed into one short animation, what would it look like? What would someone seeing it be able to learn, if anything?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://vis.bengler.no/" target="_blank"&gt;Evan Westvang&lt;/a&gt; answer these questions with a stunning video. Take a look.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17723690527</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17723690527</guid><pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 16:34:17 -0400</pubDate><category>Data Visualization</category><category>Norway</category><category>Migration</category><category>Patterns</category><category>Evan Westvang</category></item><item><title>The Age of Big Data has arrived</title><description>&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/sunday-review/big-datas-impact-in-the-world.html?_r=1&amp;pagewanted=all"&gt;The Age of Big Data has arrived&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17586210830</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/17586210830</guid><pubDate>Mon, 13 Feb 2012 22:24:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Big Data</category><category>Quantitative Methods</category><category>NYT</category></item><item><title>Video depicting organized violence in Africa from 1989 to 2010....</title><description>&lt;iframe width="400" height="299" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/_KiQTDFJdtY?wmode=transparent&amp;autohide=1&amp;egm=0&amp;hd=1&amp;iv_load_policy=3&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;showsearch=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;Video depicting organized violence in Africa from 1989 to 2010. Based on the UCDP’s Georeferenced Event Dataset, which tracks violence across time and space around the globe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/16937093170</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/16937093170</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2012 17:47:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Data Visualization</category><category>Political Violence</category><category>UCDP</category><category>Civil Wars</category></item><item><title>
How Africa Tweets – Portland and Tweetminster analyzed more...</title><description>&lt;img src="http://29.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lyewtcaTAA1qdltkno1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;How Africa Tweets – Portland and Tweetminster analyzed more than 11.5 million geo-located tweets sent across Africa during the last three months of 2011. &lt;a href="http://notebook.portland-communications.com/2012/01/new-research-reveals-how-africa-tweets/" target="_blank"&gt;Here’s what they found&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/16531851580</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/16531851580</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 15:25:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Africa</category><category>Twitter</category></item><item><title>In defense of industrial policy</title><description>&lt;p&gt;A couple of days ago, &lt;a href="http://twitter.com/shanta_wb" target="_blank"&gt;Shanta Devarajan&lt;/a&gt;, World Bank chief economist for Africa, posted &lt;a href="http://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/in-defense-of-industrial-policy" target="_blank"&gt;this interesting piece on industrial policy in Africa&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Like &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/2/222.extract" target="_blank"&gt;others&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;, I have been &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://blogs.worldbank.org/aficacan/seven-steps-to-structural-transformation" target="_blank"&gt;skeptical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; about industrial policy in Africa, where the government selects certain industries for support in order to trigger a process of structural transformation. It’s been tried before—with disastrous results. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The selected industries were captured by political elites who continued to receive subsidies without generating anything close to labor-intensive growth (the Morogoro shoe factory in Tanzania &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/econ239/readings/solow.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;never exported a single pair of shoes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;). Furthermore, most of the constraints to industrial growth in Africa are man-made: policies or regulations that stand in the way of poor workers’ employment prospects. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;[…] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;A recent &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/0,,contentMDK:22965328~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469372,00.html" target="_blank"&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; by my colleagues Hinh Dinh and Vincent Palmade on light manufacturing in Ethiopia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/light-manufacturing-in-africa-targeted-policies-to-enhance-private-investment-and-create-jobs" target="_blank"&gt;confirms the point that the constraints to the apparel and leather goods industries are largely existing policies and regulations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;—trade policies that inflate input costs by creating local monopolies, and land and financial regulations that favor large firms. But they also show that, should Ethiopia remove these constraints, it could expand employment in these industries by two orders of magnitude. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;[…] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;This is the best case for industrial policy that I have seen. By focusing on particular sectors and showing the employment benefits of addressing some of the government failures, there is a better chance that the government will undertake these reforms. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I think he has a good point here. I agree that &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_failure" target="_blank"&gt;government failures&lt;/a&gt; are frequently more serious impediments for growth than &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_failure" target="_blank"&gt;market inefficiencies&lt;/a&gt;, since they are notoriously difficult to correct and its economic consequences may be dismal for the civil society. I am not sure, however, whether the expansion of employment is an incentive strong enough for a corrupt government to change its behaviour. It may well be (and I hope so), but I would like to see more empirical evidence of that. Nevertheless, like Mr Devarajan, I also have a feeling that the main cause of the low economic performance in developing countries is actually &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism" target="_blank"&gt;crony capitalism&lt;/a&gt;. In other words, it is not capitalism per se, but rather the lack of it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/16065392333</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/16065392333</guid><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 12:39:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Africa</category><category>Industrial Policy</category><category>Government Failure</category><category>Market Failure</category></item><item><title>French Inquiry Clears Rwanda’s Kagame Of the Attack That Sparked a Genocide</title><description>&lt;a href="http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2012/01/11/french-inquiry-clears-rwandas-kagame-of-the-attack-that-sparked-a-genocide/"&gt;French Inquiry Clears Rwanda’s Kagame Of the Attack That Sparked a Genocide&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15878254195</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15878254195</guid><pubDate>Sun, 15 Jan 2012 05:07:00 -0400</pubDate><category>France</category><category>Genocide</category><category>Hutu</category><category>Juvenal Habyarimana</category><category>Paul Kagame</category><category>Rwanda</category><category>Tutsi</category></item><item><title>Scientists call for global neglected disease database</title><description>&lt;p&gt;Creating a new, open-access database is always a good idea. A few days ago, &lt;a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/health/neglected-diseases/news/scientists-call-for-global-neglected-disease-database.html" target="_blank"&gt;SciDev.Net&lt;/a&gt; published an article about an interesting project: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A global database for &lt;a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/health/neglected-diseases/" target="_blank"&gt;neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)&lt;/a&gt; ”is feasible and should be expanded without delay”, the developers of a first ‘proof of concept’ for such a tool have said.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While efforts to eliminate NTDs &lt;a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/health/neglected-diseases/news/major-patent-pool-opens-up-research-on-neglected-disease-1.html" target="_blank"&gt;have improved&lt;/a&gt; over the years, a georeferenced, global, &lt;a href="http://www.scidev.net/en/science-communication/open-access/" target="_blank"&gt;open-access&lt;/a&gt; database is essential to boost the work, they said in a paper published last month (13 December) in &lt;em&gt;PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“There is a paucity of empirical estimates regarding the distribution of infection risk and burden of NTDs at the national, district or subdistrict level in most parts of the developing world,” they wrote.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Such information is essential for planning and implementing cost-effective, sustainable control interventions in areas where there is limited knowledge of disease distribution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can read the full paper &lt;a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001404" target="_blank"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and access the database &lt;a href="http://www.gntd.org/" target="_blank"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (login required).&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15877555448</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15877555448</guid><pubDate>Sun, 15 Jan 2012 04:34:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Neglected Diseases</category><category>Data</category><category>Health</category></item><item><title>"They probably don’t understand this, but it’s important for me to show them that their father is a..."</title><description>“They probably don’t understand this, but it’s important for me to show them that their father is a man who dances—who saves lives and carries the wounded, yes, but who also does something completely pointless and beautiful, and in this at least he should need no explanation.”&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tim Winton, from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Breath &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;(thanks, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://brendansphotoblog.tumblr.com/" target="_blank"&gt;brendansphotoblog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15662542875</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15662542875</guid><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 02:57:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Tim Winton</category><category>Breath</category></item><item><title>Paul Collier: "Africa Must Liberalize Internally"</title><description>&lt;p&gt;In a recent interview, &lt;a href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~econpco/" target="_blank"&gt;Paul Collier&lt;/a&gt; discusses the pros and cons of trade liberalization in Africa, the efficacy of economic sanctions and the importance of solid democratic institutions to conflict-stricken countries. Since he is &lt;a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=paul+collier+civil+wars&amp;hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;as_sdt=1%2C5" target="_blank"&gt;one of the most important authors in civil war studies&lt;/a&gt;, it is always good to know what he is thinking about.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can read the interview on &lt;a href="http://theeuropean-magazine.com/468-collier-paul/469-the-future-of-fair-trade" target="_blank"&gt;The European Magazine website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15661941592</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15661941592</guid><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 02:35:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Paul Collier</category><category>The European Magazine</category><category>Africa</category><category>Trade</category><category>Civil Wars</category><category>Economic Sanctions</category><category>Military Interventions</category></item><item><title>A list of annual conferences related to conflict resolution or peace studies</title><description>&lt;a href="http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/profiles/blog/show?id=780588%3ABlogPost%3A191487&amp;xgs=1&amp;xg_source=msg_share_post"&gt;A list of annual conferences related to conflict resolution or peace studies&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15661429107</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15661429107</guid><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 02:18:38 -0400</pubDate><category>Conflict Resolution</category><category>Peace Studies</category><category>Academia</category><category>Conferences</category></item><item><title>
Next Year’s Wars: What conflict situations are most at risk of...</title><description>&lt;img src="http://26.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lx9hfixtQy1r62en5o1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Next Year’s Wars&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;: What conflict situations are most at risk of deteriorating further in 2012? &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/27/next_years_wars" target="_blank"&gt;Foreign Policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; came up with 10 crisis areas that warrant particular concern. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15285529411</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15285529411</guid><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 02:45:18 -0400</pubDate><category>Conflicts</category><category>Wars</category><category>International Relations</category><category>Foreign Policy</category></item><item><title>Best Foreign Affairs Print Stories of 2011</title><description>&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://fam.ag/wlBLL0%20" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img align="right" alt="ShirkyStatue" src="http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lx8t6saTOH1qbiqyt.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;From the Arab Spring to the occupation of Wall Street (not to mention  Oakland, Tel Aviv, and Homs), 2011 has been a historic year, and &lt;em&gt;Foreign  Affairs&lt;/em&gt; expert contributors have been providing indispensable context  and insight every step of the way. &lt;a href="http://fam.ag/wlBLL0%20" target="_blank"&gt;A handful of gems from the  past year.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15285465180</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15285465180</guid><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 02:43:00 -0400</pubDate><category>International Relations</category><category>Politics</category><category>Foreign Affairs</category></item><item><title>New data allows for unique conflict research</title><description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Which factors increase the risk for armed conflict and war? What circumstances make conflict resolution more likely to be successful? If work for peace is to bear fruit; these questions needs to be answered. Today, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) releases a new dataset which opens up new possibilities for the study of armed conflict. Using these data, useful findings relating to climate change and armed conflict have already been made.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Existing data on armed conflicts cover only individual countries or provide information only on a yearly basis. This has limited the extent to which the data can be used. One example is that such data do not permit studies of local issues of civil war. For this reason peace and conflict researchers have in recent years realized the necessity for more detailed data on armed conflict.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The dataset which is released today covers all armed conflicts in Africa from 1989 through 2010 and contains information on the precise date and place of individual instances (events) of armed violence. This allows for new research on the causes, dynamics, and resolution of armed conflict. Further, patterns and the geographic developments of conflicts can be analyzed using software for geographic information systems (GIS).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;More information &lt;a href="http://www.ucdp.uu.se/ged/" target="_blank"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15284533586</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15284533586</guid><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 02:17:18 -0400</pubDate><category>Civil Wars</category><category>Uppsala Conflict Data Program</category><category>UCDP</category><category>Data</category><category>GED</category><category>Georeferenced Event Dataset</category></item><item><title>The Best Data Visualization Projects of 2011</title><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://flowingdata.com/2011/12/21/the-best-data-visualization-projects-of-2011/" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img height="348" src="http://flowingdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Favorites2011.png" width="625"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nathan Yau from &lt;a href="http://flowingdata.com/" target="_blank"&gt;FlowingData&lt;/a&gt; has made a list of some of the most interesting infographics of 2011. Apart from effectively conveying their message, the images selected are also very visually appealing. You can see the full list &lt;a href="http://flowingdata.com/2011/12/21/the-best-data-visualization-projects-of-2011/" target="_blank"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15281353266</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15281353266</guid><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 01:03:00 -0400</pubDate><category>FlowindData</category><category>Graphics</category><category>Data Visualization</category></item><item><title>
There’s just something that I need from you… is to...</title><description>&lt;embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://assets.tumblr.com/swf/audio_player_black.swf?audio_file=http://www.tumblr.com/audio_file/15280080974/tumblr_lx9bhu5R5g1r62en5&amp;color=FFFFFF" height="27" width="207" quality="best" wmode="opaque"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;There’s just something that I need from you… is to meet my boys.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15280080974</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15280080974</guid><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:37:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Music</category><category>The Weeknd</category><category>Echoes of Silence</category><category>Initiation</category></item><item><title>
KAL’s cartoon: this week, grumbling.
</title><description>&lt;img src="http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lx2nbtTCWX1qd65vgo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;KAL’s cartoon:&lt;/strong&gt; this week, &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/node/21542230" target="_blank"&gt;grumbling&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15121302341</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15121302341</guid><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:31:23 -0400</pubDate><category>Humour</category><category>The Economist</category><category>Elections</category><category>2012</category></item><item><title>He asked for his daddy to come home :)</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lx0bptqczT1r62en5o1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;He asked for his daddy to come home :)&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15018264470</link><guid>http://www.danilofreire.com.br/post/15018264470</guid><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 04:03:00 -0400</pubDate><category>Christmas</category><category>Xmas</category><category>War</category></item></channel></rss>

